We read 43 primary sources. Raman tracks glucose well and titre poorly, capacitance counts cells until they stop growing and swell, models break when the cell line, scale or probe changes, and no regulator requires any of it.
We read 46 primary sources. ATF and TFF use the same hollow fibre and differ in the pump. Both hold back product as the filter ages, the head-to-head studies disagree, and what fouls the fibre is particles the size of its pores.
We read 40 primary sources. Perfusion makes several times more per litre per day and, in three models, needs five to eight times less bioreactor volume, but in the cost models read in full it only wins at small scale.
We read 38 primary sources on CHO perfusion. Two flows deserve most of the attention on cost: the medium you buy and the product the bleed throws away.
We read 38 primary sources on CHO scale-up. The trouble at 2,000 L is on the gas side and at harvest, not in impeller eddies.